The text is comprehensive yet highly readable, clearly introducing the purpose and fundamentals of each topic before delving into more technical descriptions. It is also definition-focused, with new terms listed in each chapter and defined in a glossary. This Twelfth Edition has been thoroughly revised and updated with new material on section-level learning outcomes, Quadrature Shaft Encoders used to obtain absolute shaft positions, troubleshooting prototype circuits using systematic fault isolation techniques, Time Division Multiplexing, expanded discussion of VHDL data objects and more!